Latin Verbs and Infinitive Endings

An infinitive is a basic form of  a verb that in English often is preceded by to and that serves as a noun or a modifier.  In Latin, infinitives are rarely used to indicate purpose, but rather are most often used to express indirect speech (oratorio obliqua). Latin Infinitive Basics When you look up a Latin verb in a Latin-English dictionary, you will see four entries (principal parts) for most verbs. The second entry—usually abbreviated -are, -ere, or -ire—is the infinitive. More specifically, its the present active infinitive, which is translated into English as to plus whatever the verb means. The vowel (a, e, or i) of the infinitive indicates which conjugation it belongs to. Example of a dictionary entry for a verb in Latin:Laudo, -are, -avi, -atus. Praise The first entry in the dictionary entry is the present, active, singular, first-person form of the verb. Note the -o ending. Laudo  I praise is a first conjugation verb and, therefore, has an infinitive ending in -are. The entire present active infinitive of laudo is laudare, which translates into English as to praise.  Laudari is the present passive infinitive of laudo and means to be praised. Most verbs have six infinitives, which have tense and voice, including: Present active (to praise)Present passive (to have been praised)Perfect active (to have praised)Perfect passive (to have been praised)Future active (to be about to praise)Future passive (to be about to be praised) Perfect Infinitives of Latin Verbs The perfect active infinitive is formed from the perfect stem. In the  example of a first conjugation verb, laudo, the perfect stem is found on the third principal part, laudavi, which is listed in the dictionary simply as -avi. Remove the personal ending (i) and add isse—laudavisse—to make the perfect active infinitive. The perfect passive infinitive is formed from the fourth principal part—in the example, laudatus, plus esse. The perfect passive infinitive is laudatus esse. Future Infinitives of Latin Verbs The fourth principal part also informs future infinitives. The future active infinitive is laudaturus esse and future passive infinitive is laudatum iri. Infinitives of Conjugated Latin Verbs In Latin, verbs are conjugated to indicate voice, person, number, mood, time, and tense. There are four conjugations, or verb inflection groups.  Ã‚   Infinitives of a first conjugation Latin verb include: Present active—amare (love)Present passive—amariPerfect active—amavissePerfect passive—amatus esseFuture active—amaturus esseFuture passive—amatum iri Infinitives of a second conjugation Latin verb include:   Present active—monere (warn)Present passive—moneriPerfect active—monuissePerfect passive—monitus esseFuture active—moniturus esseFuture passive—monitum iri Infinitives of a third conjugation Latin verb include: Present active—regere (rule)Present passive—regiPerfect active—rexissePerfect passive— rectus esseFuture active— recturus esseFuture passive—rectum iri Infinitives of a fourth conjugation Latin verb include: Present active—audire (hear)Present passive—audiriPerfect active—audivissePerfect passive—auditus esseFuture active—auditurus esseFuture passive—auditum iri Interpreting the Infinitive It may be easy to translate the infinitive as to plus whatever the verb is (plus whatever person and tense markers may be required), but explaining the infinitive isnt as easy. It acts as a verbal noun; therefore, it is sometimes taught alongside the gerund. Latin Compositions Bernard M. Allen says that just under half of the time that an infinitive is used in Latin, it is in an indirect statement. An example of an indirect statement is: She says that she is tall. In Latin, the that wouldnt be there. Instead, the construction would involve a regular statement—she says (dicit), followed by the indirect part, with the subject she in the accusative case followed by the present infinitive (esse): Dicit eam esse altam.She says (that) she [acc.] is [infinitive] tall [acc.]. Allen says that Charles E. Bennetts New Latin  Grammar provides a rule for the tense of the infinitive that is only applicable to the present infinitive in an indirect statement. According to Bennetts rule: The Present Infinitive represents an act as contemporaneous with that of the verb on which it depends. Allen prefers the following: In Indirect Statements the present infinitive represents an act as contemporaneous with the time of verb on which it depends. In other substantive uses it is merely a verbal noun, without any tense force. Tense in Latin Complementary Infinitives As an example of why tense is a difficult concept with present infinitives, Allen says that in Cicero and Caesar, a third of their present infinitives follow the verb possum  to be able. If you are able to do something, that ability precedes the time of the statement. Other Uses of the Infinitive An infinitive can also be used as the subject of a sentence. The subjective infinitive is found after impersonal expressions like necesse est,  it is necessary. Necesse est dormire.it is necessary to sleep. Sources Allen, Bernard Melzer. Latin Composition (Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books, 2019Bennett, Charles. New Latin Grammar. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1918.

Short Story - 1229 Words

So whose was it? She pocketed the lipstick and got out the car. In her office, she placed it beside her computer screen, where she could keep an eye on it while she worked in case it happened to metamorphose into†¦ into what? A nuclear warhead? A range of diaphanous underwear complete with stray pubic hairs? Both were about as likely, she felt, as her husband having an affair. He wasn’t the type. And she wasn’t the type to be suspicious†¦ Except now, when suspicious was exactly what she was, and evidence of that suspicion lay in the fact she ended up spending half an hour staring at the lipstick instead of doing whatever it was she was supposed to be doing. What about the day the previous week when her husband had been late home from†¦show more content†¦That would be fine, her husband told her. The following morning, busy keeping one eye on the kids, who perhaps because of the return of their father seemed even more boisterous than usual, Jacqui sat in the passenger seat as her husband drove his children to school and then dropped his wife off at her office and then, though obviously she was no longer sitting in the passenger seat, drove himself to his own office. Jacqui had kept her other eye, the one that wasn’t minding the children, on her husband, watching him for any sign that he might have either noticed or been looking for the lipstick. And once he had dropped the children off, she kept one eye on the lipstick and the other on her husband. Nothing about his body language betrayed any trace of nervousness or guilt, but even so, Jacqui was far from certain she had been mistaken to automatically assume the worst. She spent much of the day contemplating whether the time had come to get one of those divorces she’d heard so much about. Most of her friends had had one, so was it not now her turn to indulge? For his part, Jacqui’s husband spent much of the day wondering how he was going to dig his way out of the latestShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Introduction to the Irish Legal System

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to the Irish Legal System. Answer: Criminal and Civil Law in Irish Legal System On analyzing the Irish legal system it can be observed that it can be classified into two types which includes civil and criminal law. In the context, it can be stated here that the core emphasis of criminal law is to uphold the societal morality with the help of prohibiting acts as opposed to public order along with punishing the individuals performing such activities. In such cases, any individual who is accused of committing such activities are charged under criminal offences. In Irish legal system, criminal offences include minor offences like driving without a seatbelt to severe crime like rape, murder, burglary (Ireland-information, 2007). In such cases, on the basis of the seriousness of the cases, sanctions for offences vary from fine to imprisonment. In such cases, the prosecution of an offence is performed by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in criminal court on behalf of the state. In such cases it is essential on the part of DPP to establish beyond reasonable doubt that the offence has been committed by the accused. As compared to civil courts, this is a higher burden of proof, the reason behind this being overruling public interest and criminal laws moral nature. On the other hand, in case of civil law, the core objective is to manage disputes between individuals. An individual initiates civil actions and issues proceedings against another person, wherein the involvement of the state is minimal. In such cases, the civil courts deals with such cases, wherein, it is determined by the civil courts if a private law right of the associated party is breached on the part of the defendant. In these cases, it is the responsibility of the civil cases to specify the apt remedy, for instance, the compensation to be paid to the aggrieved party by the defendant (McCutcheon, 2009). In the civil cases, the aggrieved party, for the purpose of establishing the liability of the defendant to the injured party, is required to prove on a balance of probabilities regarding the errors of the defendant. A mentionable example of civil law under Irish legal system is contract law that is an essential arena for business students to be accustomed with. Other significant branches of civil law are consumer, tort and employment law. To further illustrate the differentiating factors of between the civil and criminal law under Irish law, the factor of classifications is one of the prime factor on the basis of which civil and criminal law can be differentiated. In this context, it is mentionable here that, under the factors of classifications criminal law, under Irish legal system can be classified as public law that is referred to as a prosecution. On the contrary, civil law can be classified as private law which is referred to as a civil action. Another mentionable factor on the basis of which criminal and civil law can be differentiated under Irish legal system is parties involved in the case. In case of criminal law, the involved parties include prosecution and the defense. On the other hand, in civil law, the involved parties are the defendant and the plaintiff. In terms of objectives of criminal and civil cases, prosecution of the defendant is the main objective of criminal law (accountingtechniciansireland.i e, 2010). In addition to the above mentioned aspect, the objective of criminal cases also revolves around giving punishment along with incapacitation, deterrence, retribution and rehabilitation of the prosecuted individual. On the contrary, in case of civil case, the prime objective is to sue the defendant along with ascertaining compensation for the aggrieved party and ceasing the actions which are unwanted in nature. In the context on the basis of the tests applied by the court to determine liability as well, criminal and civil law can be differentiated. It can be stated from the fact that in case of criminal law under tests applied by the court to determine liability is associated beyond all reasonable doubt. On the contrary in civil law, under tests applied by the court to determine liability includes balance of probabilities, which is lower than criminal question if it is less or more likely (Kilkelly, 2009). Similarly, under the aspect of finding, in case of criminal law it re volves around finding is an individual is guilty or not. Whereas, in case of civil law the finding is associated with the aspect of establishing is an individual is liable or not. An essential aspect on the basis of which criminal and civil law are differentiated is on the aspect of commencement of proceedings, wherein it is observed that in case of criminal cases, under the criminal law, with the help of DPP through indictment or summons the proceedings are seen to be commenced. Civil cases observed initiation with the help of way of pleading (Mansergh, 2013). Remedies or penalties are also a vital aspect which distinguishes criminal laws from civil laws. Under criminal laws the remedies provided to an individual includes imprisonment, fines, community service orders or probation orders. The civil laws award penalties which include damages, injunctions, court orders, rescission, an account for profit etc. The differentiation between civil law and criminal law can be further elabora ted with the help of certain examples regarding the cases dealt under criminal law and civil law. In this context it is mentionable here that, criminal law primarily deals with theft, murder, fraudulent trading etc cases. Whereas, in civil law, the core emphasis is on cases dealing with trespass, negligence and breach of contract . In addition to the above mentioned aspect the court structure also differs in case of criminal and civil cases. In case of criminal court structure, the jurisdiction of criminal courts begins with district courts which deal with criminal law matters, which is also known as inferior criminal court. In Ireland there exists 24 District Courts which comprises of one legally qualified Judge responsible for decision making of the cases. In the above rung of criminal court structure is Circuit Criminal Court that is responsible for all serious responses apart from rape, murder, treason, aggravated sexual assault. The serious cases which are not heard in the Circ uit Court are dealt with in the Central Criminal Court, which comprise of one Judge and a Jury (Donovan, 2010). Special Criminal Court, is the reserve for the cases which includes terrorist cases and dangerous criminals. In Special Criminal Court, the jury is seen to be absent but three judges resides the cases. Though this court is not a permanent one, however, it is essential to deal with cases as such cases cannot be effectively heard in other courts. In the upper rung of Circuit Court is Court of Criminal Appeal which is an appeal court which implies the fact that cases are not heard in the court for the first time, wherein it is responsible for dealing with hearing from lower courts like the central or circuit court which deals with interpretation and application of law. In Ireland, the final court of appeal is the Supreme Court which is only responsible for hearing appeals associated with decision regarding points of law in cases of significant importance. In case of civil court structure, like criminal court structure, District Court is in the lowest rung of the structure. Herein, it is mentionable here that though District is primarily a criminal court, then also there are certain jurisdiction associated with it which entitles it to hear certain civil law matters which includes damages associated with tort and contract case, application associated with certain licenses like license to sell alcohol, tenant matter, family laws etc. The District Court has the authority to award a maximum damage of 6, 348.69. Followed by the District Court, Circuit Court is in the upper rung of District Court which is the largest civil court. In the Circuit Court aspects associated with civil cases are heard in one of the eight Circuit Court Divisions on the part of Circuit Court Judge (accountingtechniciansireland.ie, 2010). In the Circuit Court, the cases mainly deal with tort and contract claims which are limited to damages not more than 38,092.14. In cases involving civil dispute, the High Court which is in upper rung of Circuit Court, hears civil laws and matters associated with claims in tort and larger contract claims. In cases involving civil disputes, the Supreme Court is responsible for dealing with the appeals from the High Court wherein the validity of a law is challenged along with dealing with appeals by the manner of case stated from High Court. Thus the above made clearly demonstrates the difference between civil and criminal laws in terms of classification, parties involved in the cases, objectives, tests applied by the Court to determine liability, finding, commencement of proceedings, remedies, the cases dealt under the laws and most importantly structure of criminal and civil courts. Irish Supreme Court In order to identify the origin of Irish Supreme Court, Bunreacht na hEireann or the Irish Constitution is required to be referred. The basis of law of Ireland is its Constitution wherein, it has been observed that Article 34 of the Irish Constitution established the court system in Ireland which includes a Court of Final Appeal. In Ireland, the Court of Final Appeal is known as Supreme Court (Citizensinformation.ie, 2015). Another essential or source of origin of the Supreme Court in Ireland is Article 6 of the Constitution in which sovereignty is vested in the hand of the citizens of the state. This makes Ireland answerable to the court for the errors committed against the individuals due to breaching their legal rights or constitution. This also results in the formation of the Irish Supreme Court. Thus, it can be stated here that, Irish Courts which are established under the States Constitution, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the High Court forms the governments judici al organ. Basing on the above made discussion it can be observed that Supreme Court is the highest Court of appeal, wherein, it becomes essential to discuss the structure of the Supreme Court. The Irish Supreme Court comprises of a President which is known as the Chief Justice. At present, Susan Mary Denham is the Chief Justice of Ireland. In addition to the above mentioned aspect, the Supreme Court also comprises of seven ordinary judges. In accordance to the office, the President of High Court is also the Supreme Courts ex officio member. In specific cases, the Supreme Court has the permission for extra judges (Farber, 2007). In the Supreme Court, the judges are ranked as the Chief Justice, the President of the High Court, Judges who were former Chief Justices on the basis of the date of appointment and other Supreme Court judges on the basis of their date of appointment. Herein it can be stated that in cases of procedural matters of no significant legal introduction, three judges sit. In ca ses which are associated with constitutional challenge to a particular statute or in cases which includes an essential question of law occurs five judges sit. Other than the above mentioned aspect, cases which include extreme significance like a Bill referring to Supreme Court under Article 26 of the Constitution, seven judges sit. Under the Irish Constitution, the powers allocated to the Supreme Court are also required to be discussed. One of the essential functions allocated to the Supreme Court includes original jurisdiction. In this regard it is mentionable here that Supreme Court deals with cases that includes, point of law which have significant importance, wherein the constitutionality or legality of a Bill or Statute is queried upon or the issues of whether the President of Ireland has become completely incapacitated. Another essential function of Supreme Court is dealing with appeals (Supremecourt.ie, 2007). The regular duty of Supreme Court is hearing appeals which are made by the High Court along with cases which are stated on the part of the Circuit and High Courts. These appeals are required to be approved on the part of trial judges prior sending it to the Supreme Court. In addition to the above mentioned aspect, appeals from the Court of Criminal Appeal can be brought to the Supreme Court on cert ifying the fact that the involved cases are associated with matters of significant public importance. In this context it can be stated that it is rarest of rarest cases in which Supreme Court is seen to deal with hearing from witnesses, appeals based on oral evidences etc. Decision making is another essential function of Supreme Court, wherein it us noticed that majority ruling is the edifice of decision making, though it is noticeable that every judge delivered by the Supreme Court is entitled to deliver a distinct judgment, irrespective of agreement on the part of the majority ruling. Decisions associated with validity on the constitutionality or law or of a Bill the majority decision is ruling. The decisions in such cases are given ex tempore or instantly after hearing the issues (Flanagan, Ahern, 2011). However, in most of the cases, the decisions are reserved by the Supreme Court in which the judges take certain amount of time to consider the discussed issues and deliver the decision at a later date. The decisions which are delivered by the Supreme Court are binding, ultimate and non-appealing being the being Court of the nation. Thus on the basis of the above made discussion it can be stated that the jurisdiction of Supreme Court includes hearing appeals from the Court of Appeal in case the Supreme Court is satisfied with the involved decision, the interest of justice. The jurisdiction of Supreme Court also includes, hearing direct appeals from High Court in case Supreme Court is satisfied with the fact that the case is of exceptional circumstances, it is also entitled to determine whether the question of the permanent incapability of the President arises. Thus, the decision made on the part of Supreme Court is ultimate and cannot be further applied. In the formation of rights and obligations of the citizens of Ireland there are various Supreme Court cases which played a major role. One of the essential rights of individual in criminal cases is the right of bail of individuals. In this aspect as essential case is People v O Callaghan case 1966. Under the particular case, it was stated that the main purpose of bail is to safeguard the appearance of the accused at the time of time trial with the help of reasonable amount of bail. In the particular case, it was further stated that the purpose of the bail was to neither prevent or punitive (hoc.ie, 2014). It is with the help of this case, wherein certain aspects which are taken into consideration in the process of criminal proceeding and justice which includes, nature of the accusation, nature of evidence, probable sentence to be imposed, likelihood of committing crime in the future, convicts failure to answer to bail. The aspect of adoption and associated rights is an essential element of personal and family rights. A landmark case in the history of Supreme Court cases in this context is The State (Nicolaou) v An Bord Uchtala case. In the particular case, it was stated on the part of the Supreme Court that natural unmarried father was not provided with the entitlement to be heard before an adoption order. Furthermore, a natural unmarried father was not entitled to the provisions of Article 41 of the Constitution (Humanrights.ie, 2012). Such individuals were also not allowed to rely upon their natural rights as a father. The reason behind this being, such rights are entitled to the family, wherein it was observed that he did not formulate a family under Article 41 of the constitution. In the particular case, another essential aspect which was highlighted was the rights of the mother which was entitled under Article 42 of the constitution rather than Article 41 of the constitution. Thus, it is an es sential case under family rights, which stated the fact that excluding all other relationships, the basis of formation of family is marriage. The State (Ryan) v. Lennon case 1934, is another essential case which formed the present form of rights and obligations of the citizens which dealt with the issue of judicial review. In the particular case, Article 2A of the Constitution was challenged which established the operation of military tribunal. Section 2 put forward the fact that Article 3 along with other subsequent Articles of the Constitution is subjected to Article 2A. The tribunal was required to be comprised of 5 members belonging from the defense forces that are removable at the wish of the Government. The tribunal was also competent to try terrorist related activities and offence. Section 7 also provided the Tribunal with the authority to impose penalty to the guilty for the offence that are more than usual legal punishment. In the process of trial of The State (Ryan) v. Lennon case 1934, it has identified that the determined aspect of the article were not in alignment with human rights along with the principle of separation of powers. It seen from the provisions of Oireachtas that Constitution was no more, an essential aspect to be covered in cases of post-Civil war violence and it was take the entire situation under its control. Thus in the particular case, the authority was given to the judiciary to consider whether they want to intervene (Humanrights.ie, 2010). The aspect of parliamentary sovereignty to be specific political constitutionalism got further emphasized with the help of this case. Significantly, the absence of any formal text based prohibition associated with Oireachtas has been expressed in this case with the help of Article 50 which highlighted on its amendment. Other than the above mentioned aspect, the particular case also witnessed denial of judicial interventional in associated allocated to executive and legislative organs along with judicial despotism and highlighted on making the court sovereign in nature. Thus this case acted as a land mark in establishing the right o f judicial review on the part of the individuals. There are various landmark cases in the history of Supreme Court among the various cases, the above discussed cases are significant ones, which formed the basis of rights and obligations of the citizens of Ireland. References accountingtechniciansireland.ie. (2010). Laws Ethics Republic of Ireland. [online] Available at: https://www.accountingtechniciansireland.ie/files/documents_and_forms/law_ethics_roi.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Citizensinformation.ie. (2015). Supreme Court of Ireland. [online] Available at: https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/courts_system/supreme_court.html [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Donovan, D. (2010). The Irish legal system. 1st ed. Dublin: Thomson Reuters (Round Hall). Farber, D. A. (2007). The Supreme Court, the Law of Nations, and Citations of Foreign Law: The Lessons of History. California Law Review, 95, 1335-1365. Flanagan, B., Ahern, S. (2011). Judicial decision-making and transnational law: a survey of common law Supreme Court Judges. Int'l Comp. LQ, 60, 1. hoc.ie. (2014). Bail. [online] Available at: https://www.hoc.ie/criminal-law/bail/ [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Humanrights.ie. (2010). Human Rights in Irish Legal History: Cahillane on Judicial Review (Guest Contribution). [online] Available at: https://humanrights.ie/constitution-of-ireland/human-rights-in-irish-legal-history-cahillane-on-judicial-review/ [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Humanrights.ie. (2012). Guest post: renewed discrimination against non-marital children?. [online] Available at: https://humanrights.ie/constitution-of-ireland/guest-post-renewed-discrimination-against-non-marital-children/ [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Ireland-information. (2007). The Irish State - Legal System. [online] Available at: https://www.ireland-information.com/reference/legalsys.html [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Kilkelly, U. (2009). ECHR and Irish law. 1st ed. Bristol [England?]: Jordans. Mansergh, N. (2013). The Irish Free State-Its Government and Politics. Read Books Ltd. McCutcheon, P. (2009). The Irish Legal System. Supremecourt.ie. (2007). Supreme Court of Ireland. [online] Available at: https://www.supremecourt.ie/SupremeCourt/sclibrary3.nsf/pagecurrent/D5F78352A387D74480257315005A419E?opendocumentl=en [Accessed 16 May 2017].