Saturday, August 22, 2020

External Marketing Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Outside Marketing Environment - Essay Example A firm is much of the time careless in regards to the components that influence its future. An advertiser can fathom the promoting condition through leading a showcasing research. Colleague to the earth helps an association to change its limited time blend and perceive new chances. Sheep et al (2011, p. 110) refer to monetary, social and social, business, legitimate and political and segment components as the constituents of the outer promoting condition. Financial Environment There is not any more critical part in the outer condition influencing promoting than the monetary condition. Sheep noticed that the influences the activity of an organization on both at smaller scale and full scale levels. Miniaturized scale level alludes to the individual organization while the full scale level suggests the more extensive industry, nation or worldwide. I. Gracefully and Demand When there is the nonattendance of government intercession and control, flexibly and request are the fundamental basi c powers of the monetary measurement. Gracefully alludes to the quantity of merchandise and enterprises dealers and makers are happy to bring to the market at given costs at a given time (Lamb et al., 2011, p. 112). Request, then again, alludes to the quantity of merchandise and ventures the purchasers are happy to purchase at a given cost and time. ... At the point when such a circumstance happens, there is either a deficiency or an excess. In a serious market structure, when an overflow or a deficiency happens, changes happen until balance is reestablished. On account of an excess, the cost is typically brought down to fulfill the need level in the short run. Over the long haul, either the gracefully will diminish, as the amounts offered are diminished by certain organizations making creation cuts or by different firms leaving business. At the point when a lack happens, an organization should cautiously evaluate whether this condition id brief or is really a market need not being fulfilled. ii. The Market and Exchange In each market economy there is a route at the market balance cost and amount to be accomplished. The component for doing this by overcoming any barrier among gracefully and request is simply the commercial center. Commercial center overcomes any barrier between what is delivered and what is expended, making the corr ect amount accessible to meet the market need (Lamb et al, 2011, p., 113) iii. General Economic Change The monetary conditions in a nation and the condition of national economy change after some time. Developments and vacillations in the economy frequently follow designs and have been depicted as business cycles (Lamb et al, 2011, p. 113). These cycles verifiably have comprised of four phases which incorporate downturn, flourishing, despondency, and recuperation. Social and social Environment regarding Lamb et al (2011, p. 114), the social condition is recreated in the other four significant situations outside to the organization’s promoting mix.â

Friday, August 21, 2020

Accounting Standards and Theory for Financial -myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theAccounting Standards and Theory for Financial Reporting. Answer: Presentation Considering the developing complexities in the business structure, the inward market has come to turn into a serious one and progressively unique. This requires association to be adequately meeting the budgetary revealing systems. This helps the clients of the money related data to assemble valuable information with respect to the association and in this way settle on viable speculation choice. In this respects, endeavors has been made in the investigation to show on the centrality of budgetary answering to the association just as the clients of the monetary data. Notwithstanding that, endeavors have been made in the investigation to introduce a conversation on the need of making appropriate divulgences in the money related report of an association. With the end goal of the examination, Woolworths constrained, an Australian based association has been chosen. Hugeness of money related detailing and subjective part of budgetary data It is significant for a firm to keep up their budget reports toward the year's end. It done by the prerequisites and the exchange and occasions happened during a bookkeeping year. The fiscal reports are significant for the firm perspective as the announcements are basic so as to set up the profit proclamations and offer designation (Cheng et al. 2014). The importance of money related answering to an association are recorded as underneath: The borrowers, loan bosses brokers and numerous other invested individuals of the firm are watching the fiscal summaries of the femur as the announcements shows the budgetary states of the firm and furthermore the company's capacity to use their advantages and liabilities during the year end. The firm needs to keep up the methodical request to keep up the fiscal reports that are used in the hour of settling on the money related choices of showcasing methodologies of the firm to create and improve their exercises and exhibitions in the current market just as later on perspectives (Zeff et al. 2016). The budget summaries are made so as to keep up the money related equalization of the association. The announcements are utilized and seen by the specialists, chiefs and speculators of the organization. Hence it could be expressed that the budget summaries are set up by the firm so as to get significant monetary data and embrace advantageous al choices for the organizations future exhibitions. The data in regards to the budgetary states of the firm are basic as the data are being utilized by a few different gatherings and elements that are straightforwardly or in a roundabout way associated with exercises and money related exchanges of the firm. The budget reports that are made by utilizing these announcements are a piece of the bookkeeping arrangement of the firm that should be done at mandatory condition. Except if the firm watches and investigations their fiscal summaries and exchanges of merchandise and ventures that are not qualified to make, for example, explanation that will mirror the synopsis of their general exhibitions of their entire year exercises (Chenget al. 2014). The budgetary data is such data that will create the fundamental parts of the firm money related conditions and the holes in their bookkeeping exercises and authoritative structures. In this way the perception and legitimate ramifications of the bookkeeping techniques in with respect to the bookkeeping proclamations are significant so as to set the money related targets and future goals of the firm. The investors and speculators are additionally intrigued as they need to guarantee the security and legitimate use of their ventures and fiscal commitments. Consequently the nature of the data and explanations ought to be sufficient as the multipurpose utilization of the announcements (Dhaliwalet al. 2014). Examination of the exposure made by the association in the yearly reports Money related examination 2016 2017 Current proportion 0.83 0.79 Fast proportion 0.16 0.15 Obligation/value proportion 0.46 0.29 Money related influence 2.77 2.41 Current resources 31.6 30.52 Current liabilities 38.26 38.51 From the above examination it is seen that the money related activities of the organization are in diminishing pattern. As it is found in the similar examination above it is seen that the money related proportions and exercises are decreasing promotions the monetary tasks are as not as beneficial. The is additionally recognized that the firm can't use their advantages so as to keep up their action stream and decrease of liabilities as it expanded. In this manner the money related qualities have tumbled down. Taking into account the yearly reports of Woolworth restricted for the current budgetary year, It can b caught that, the association has made legitimate revelations of the necessary divulgences in their yearly reports. The administration of the association is of the view that, revelations of the bookkeeping evaluations and presumptions are fundamental so as to encourage the clients of the money related data that incorporates the partners of the association with away from of the bookkeeping standards and different arrangements received the association in their activity (Frias?Aceitunoet al. 2014). Eminently, the money related reports of an association help me to decide the exhibition of the substance in the current monetary year and the budgetary strength of the association in the market. Notwithstanding that, it assists with getting an away from of the money related instruments or different bookkeeping presumptions educated are embraced by the association. Notwithstanding that, it assists with making a note of the bookkeeping strategies that are applied by the association in the planning of the budget summaries. For the most part, it is seen that the materiality part of bookkeeping is one of the key ideas that is applied in the readiness of the books of records (Ioannou and Serafeim, 2016). Thus, there are a few other money related angles that should be obliged while making monetary announcing. Concerning that, the Australian Accounting Standards Board has set out a few gauges that takes into account exposures of bookkeeping data and proposes that, each association needs to c onform to the necessities of the board. In this specific situation, it is noticed that, Woolworths restricted has consented to all the prerequisites of the AASB with respect to Property, Plant and Equipments held by the association (Johnston and Petacchi, 2017). Basic examination of the divulgences on PPE by Woolworths A careful examination of the yearly reports of the association uncovered that, the administration of the association has made broad revelations in the money related reports of the association. Notwithstanding that, they are in consistence with the necessities of AASB 101, which is given by the Australian Accounting standard board for exposures in the monetary detailing (Nobes, 2014). From the yearly reports of the association in the current budgetary year, it is seen that, the association holds a lot of Plant and apparatus just as supplies. The administration has endeavored to introduce a nitty gritty report on the different bookkeeping medicines of the benefits base held by the association. As per the administration of the association, they attempt to give all the necessary exposures in the monetary reports of the association in this manner, keeping up a significant level of consistence inside the authoritative structure (Lawrence, 2013). As per the money related reports and the yea rly reports of the association of the current monetary year, it is noticed that, appropriate divulgences with respect to the PPE has been made by the association in the notes to accounts segment. All the prerequisites of AASB 116 have been agreed to in the money related announcing of the association. Investigation of the degree of revelation made with respect to hierarchical destinations In the yearly report introduced by Woolworths it has been seen that Woolworths has been focused on assessing the current monetary status all together increase information on how they are meet three yearly destinations. Famously, the money related reports of an affiliation help to choose the execution of the targets in the current fiscal year and the budgetary quality of the firm in the market (Loughran and McDonald, 2014). Despite that, it gets an obvious understanding of the cash related instruments or diverse accounting assumptions taught are grasped by the affiliation. Despite that, it makes a note of the accounting courses of action that are associated by the relationship in the arranging of the cash related announcements. Generally, it is seen that the materiality some portion of accounting is one of the key thoughts that is associated in the arranging of the books of records (Leuz and Wysocki, 2016). In like manner, there is a couple of other cash related edge that ought to be considered while making budgetary specifying. Worried that, the Australian Accounting Standards Board has set out a couple of measures that consider. So as to meet hierarchical goals it is significant that the association utilizes their money related report and contrasting the spending destinations and the genuine outcome and afterward assessing on the current monetary exhibition of the organization. It is seen that the organization has adequately arranged their report so that it is anything but difficult to decipher the current money related execution of the organization in the market (Martnez?Ferrero et al. 2015). End It is seen that the venture depends on the bookkeeping strategies and budget reports and their suggestions and use. It is to be noticed that the firm hosts different specialists and intrigued gatherings that are engaged with firms exercises and in this way these gatherings and specialists keep a nearby perception on th

Tuesday, June 30, 2020

Planning Journal Essay - 275 Words

Planning Journal (Essay Sample) Content: Planning JournalOverviewDesigning a language course involves learners to whom this course will be taught, the goals and the objectives you want to achieve, and resources available for the course designer (Graves, 2000, p. 1). This course is in communicative English that provides speaking and listening practice for students from the elementary level through the intermediate level. It is suitable for students who may have some passive knowledge of grammar and vocabulary from previous study, but lack the skills and confidence to participate in conversation (Saudi Technical Colleges Site, 2010). This course is designed to meet studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs once they engage in real-life workThis lesson is the fifth one after three weeks from starting this semester. EFL in a course named "FIFTYFIFTYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This is taught at the third level at a college of technology as an intermediate course to Saudi students learning English as ESP (technology). The classroom is on th e third floor, No. 302. The classroom has 30 chairs, a whiteboard, and a computer system with speakers. The students are 25 Saudi male students, aged 20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬22, ranging in proficiency levels from post-elementary to intermediate. In this lesson, the teacher will teach new vocabulary, prepositions, prepositional phrases, and grammar to help students in speaking and listening skills.Those not able to achieve 50% in their overall grade will take this course again next semester. Beliefs underlying planningAccording to Graves (2000, p. 26), beliefs stem mainly from our past experiences in two areas: our education and our work.Although there is probably some truth to the maxim that teachers teach the way they were taught, there is probably a lot more truth in saying that teachers teach the way they learned best in school.When I was student, I preferred to learn in different ways. That means I used educational methods other than books, such as PowerPoint slides, whiteboard presentatio ns, videos, audio speakers, and a computer system. All of these methods help students to acquire information easily and successfully. Now that I am a teacher and know more about studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs, I use all of these methods to make lessons appropriate for my students.Beliefs are also the results of our work or professional experiences. According to Richards and Lockhart (1996, p. 31), beliefs derived from work/professional experiences come from: experience of what works best, established practice, educationally-based or research-based principles. and principles derived from an approach or method.Speaking is seen as the most important macro skill (Study Guide 8001, 2001, p. 126).In this lesson, I teach students speaking and listening skills. Some students are hesitant to participate because they do not know how to say the sentences in the correct way. McArthur (1983, p. 96) points out that the Grammar Translation Method did have some success and positive effects on learners. In this lesson, students need to learn the correct way to ask and answer questions about locations in books and in class. I give them a way to translate sentences easily. This course introduces students to many new vocabulary terms and expressions required in their particular field and in general life as well. Communicative language teaching (CLT) has recognised the value of vocabulary and placed it as the core in learning a second language (Harmer, 2002, p. 13). I translate new vocabulary and sentences to help students to speak sentences in the correct grammatical way and to have confidence when they speak and listen. Needs of stakeholdersWhat and why studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ need to learn should be taken in consideration when designing language courses (Nunan, 1999, p. 311). Students in colleges of technology in Saudi Arabia are preparing to work in the private sector after they finish their study. Hence, this course is designed to meet both studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ and employersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs. Stakeholders need students who have the ability to speak and listen when dealing with customers who speak English. If students can listen and respond well, the chance for a job will be good. In this lesson, the student will practice listening and speaking in class in order to encourage them as in real life.The FrameworkGraves (2000) sets up some factors to consider when designing a language course. First, one must analyse the learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs. Investigating learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs makes it easier for course designers to specify goals and objectives, which is the second consideration when designing a language course. Third, one must choose the methods that best serve the goals and interests of both the learners and the course objectives. Fourth, one must define the context of the course: where it will be held, when it will be held, and to whom it will be addressed. This should also include consideration for cultural differences. Fifth, one must design an assessment plan to measure studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ progress. Finally, one must develop or adapt appropriate materials for use in the classroom. All of these factors constitute the basis of curriculum design.This lesson will be conducted using three main methods: communicative language teaching, task-based learning, and collaborative learning. Three reasons underpin the choice of these methods and techniques. First, the target students are high school graduates who are not familiar with the CLT approach, which, in fact, can help promote studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ communicative abilities. Moreover, it is well understood that communication skills are greatly required in the business field. Second, English is a foreign language in the Saudi community; therefore, task-based learning will help create an atmosphere in which students can practice situations that largely resemble real-world ones. Third, general education in Saudi Arabia applies the teacher-centred approach, in which students are dependent learne rs. However, at technical colleges and in other fields of higher education, the emphasis is on the learner-centred approach in which learning is, to a great extent, independent. Hence, it is important to scaffold this gap by using a collaborative learning style that increases the studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ abilities as autonomous learners.B ii Discuss the content:Designing a language course involves learners to whom this course will be taught, the goals and the objectives you want to achieve, and the resources available for the course designer (Graves, 2000, p. 1).This course is focused on listening and speaking skills, so this lesson is the first of five lessons where students will learn how to ask and answer questions through listening and speaking skills that fit into the rest of the course.Nunan (1999, p. 171) identified the notion of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ as a special technique used to help learn and use language. Teaching different kinds of strategies helps learners mast er their language learning process (Brown, 2007, p. 258). Needless to say, effectiveness is not measured by how many strategies are used, but by a suitable choice and its flexible application to the learning task at hand. * Different tasks are assigned to suit studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ styles. It is important when designing a course to provide a variety of activities that suit various learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ styles (Study Guide 8004; Robyn, 2001, p. 68). * Different kinds of resources are provided: a CD player, PowerPoint slides, paper sheets, studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ books, a computer, a whiteboard, and an audio system. * Authentic materials are offered. Authentic materials help learners to use the language outside the classroom. This motivates them and encourages their interest in language learning.This lesson includes the following activities; * Warm-up activity: In this beginning stage, I will start by greeting students and then asking them some general questions in order to create a safe atmo sphere. This will also encourage students to participate and raise their motivation (Dornyei, 2001, p. 36).A quick review of the previous lesson: This will help students to contribute to this lesson with the previous one and build up their knowledge. The new lesson should add to what was covered in the preceding one (Graves, 2000, p. 136). * Introduce new lesson:Explain lesson`s goals and objectives:Nunan (1999 p. 308) defines goals as " broad general purposes for learningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . * I introduce to students the main idea of lesson and I explain the goals and the objectives of lesson. It is very important for students to know what they are going to learn. (Graves 2000, p.79) mentioned that "formulating goals and objectives helps to build a clear vision of what you will teachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .I need my students to know what they are expected to learn and what the purpose behind that. I will make activities in which they are going to be involved explicit and clear. * The teacher will teach students in this lesson new vocabulary, prepositions, prepositional phrases and grammar to help them in speaking and listening skills. * By the end of this lesson students will demonstrate their abilities to do the following; * Differentiate between prepositions and prepositionalphrases.- Deal with locations using prepositions and prepositional phrases.- Use prepositions and prepositional phrases in questions andAnswers as communication.- Describe locations in full sentences.- Practice speaking and listening skills in class which encourage SLA.The number of yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ exposure contributes greatly to the overall communicative fluency of the learners, but starting age determines the level of accuracy achieved, particularly in pronunciation (Nunan, 1999, p. 41). As we can see, age does not affect the route of SLA, so all learners will follow the same d... Planning Journal Essay - 275 Words Planning Journal (Essay Sample) Content: Planning JournalOverviewDesigning a language course involves learners to whom this course will be taught, the goals and the objectives you want to achieve, and resources available for the course designer (Graves, 2000, p. 1). This course is in communicative English that provides speaking and listening practice for students from the elementary level through the intermediate level. It is suitable for students who may have some passive knowledge of grammar and vocabulary from previous study, but lack the skills and confidence to participate in conversation (Saudi Technical Colleges Site, 2010). This course is designed to meet studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs once they engage in real-life workThis lesson is the fifth one after three weeks from starting this semester. EFL in a course named "FIFTYFIFTYà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This is taught at the third level at a college of technology as an intermediate course to Saudi students learning English as ESP (technology). The classroom is on th e third floor, No. 302. The classroom has 30 chairs, a whiteboard, and a computer system with speakers. The students are 25 Saudi male students, aged 20à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬22, ranging in proficiency levels from post-elementary to intermediate. In this lesson, the teacher will teach new vocabulary, prepositions, prepositional phrases, and grammar to help students in speaking and listening skills.Those not able to achieve 50% in their overall grade will take this course again next semester. Beliefs underlying planningAccording to Graves (2000, p. 26), beliefs stem mainly from our past experiences in two areas: our education and our work.Although there is probably some truth to the maxim that teachers teach the way they were taught, there is probably a lot more truth in saying that teachers teach the way they learned best in school.When I was student, I preferred to learn in different ways. That means I used educational methods other than books, such as PowerPoint slides, whiteboard presentatio ns, videos, audio speakers, and a computer system. All of these methods help students to acquire information easily and successfully. Now that I am a teacher and know more about studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs, I use all of these methods to make lessons appropriate for my students.Beliefs are also the results of our work or professional experiences. According to Richards and Lockhart (1996, p. 31), beliefs derived from work/professional experiences come from: experience of what works best, established practice, educationally-based or research-based principles. and principles derived from an approach or method.Speaking is seen as the most important macro skill (Study Guide 8001, 2001, p. 126).In this lesson, I teach students speaking and listening skills. Some students are hesitant to participate because they do not know how to say the sentences in the correct way. McArthur (1983, p. 96) points out that the Grammar Translation Method did have some success and positive effects on learners. In this lesson, students need to learn the correct way to ask and answer questions about locations in books and in class. I give them a way to translate sentences easily. This course introduces students to many new vocabulary terms and expressions required in their particular field and in general life as well. Communicative language teaching (CLT) has recognised the value of vocabulary and placed it as the core in learning a second language (Harmer, 2002, p. 13). I translate new vocabulary and sentences to help students to speak sentences in the correct grammatical way and to have confidence when they speak and listen. Needs of stakeholdersWhat and why studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ need to learn should be taken in consideration when designing language courses (Nunan, 1999, p. 311). Students in colleges of technology in Saudi Arabia are preparing to work in the private sector after they finish their study. Hence, this course is designed to meet both studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ and employersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs. Stakeholders need students who have the ability to speak and listen when dealing with customers who speak English. If students can listen and respond well, the chance for a job will be good. In this lesson, the student will practice listening and speaking in class in order to encourage them as in real life.The FrameworkGraves (2000) sets up some factors to consider when designing a language course. First, one must analyse the learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs. Investigating learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ needs makes it easier for course designers to specify goals and objectives, which is the second consideration when designing a language course. Third, one must choose the methods that best serve the goals and interests of both the learners and the course objectives. Fourth, one must define the context of the course: where it will be held, when it will be held, and to whom it will be addressed. This should also include consideration for cultural differences. Fifth, one must design an assessment plan to measure studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ progress. Finally, one must develop or adapt appropriate materials for use in the classroom. All of these factors constitute the basis of curriculum design.This lesson will be conducted using three main methods: communicative language teaching, task-based learning, and collaborative learning. Three reasons underpin the choice of these methods and techniques. First, the target students are high school graduates who are not familiar with the CLT approach, which, in fact, can help promote studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ communicative abilities. Moreover, it is well understood that communication skills are greatly required in the business field. Second, English is a foreign language in the Saudi community; therefore, task-based learning will help create an atmosphere in which students can practice situations that largely resemble real-world ones. Third, general education in Saudi Arabia applies the teacher-centred approach, in which students are dependent learne rs. However, at technical colleges and in other fields of higher education, the emphasis is on the learner-centred approach in which learning is, to a great extent, independent. Hence, it is important to scaffold this gap by using a collaborative learning style that increases the studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ abilities as autonomous learners.B ii Discuss the content:Designing a language course involves learners to whom this course will be taught, the goals and the objectives you want to achieve, and the resources available for the course designer (Graves, 2000, p. 1).This course is focused on listening and speaking skills, so this lesson is the first of five lessons where students will learn how to ask and answer questions through listening and speaking skills that fit into the rest of the course.Nunan (1999, p. 171) identified the notion of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"strategyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ as a special technique used to help learn and use language. Teaching different kinds of strategies helps learners mast er their language learning process (Brown, 2007, p. 258). Needless to say, effectiveness is not measured by how many strategies are used, but by a suitable choice and its flexible application to the learning task at hand. * Different tasks are assigned to suit studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ styles. It is important when designing a course to provide a variety of activities that suit various learnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ styles (Study Guide 8004; Robyn, 2001, p. 68). * Different kinds of resources are provided: a CD player, PowerPoint slides, paper sheets, studentsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ books, a computer, a whiteboard, and an audio system. * Authentic materials are offered. Authentic materials help learners to use the language outside the classroom. This motivates them and encourages their interest in language learning.This lesson includes the following activities; * Warm-up activity: In this beginning stage, I will start by greeting students and then asking them some general questions in order to create a safe atmo sphere. This will also encourage students to participate and raise their motivation (Dornyei, 2001, p. 36).A quick review of the previous lesson: This will help students to contribute to this lesson with the previous one and build up their knowledge. The new lesson should add to what was covered in the preceding one (Graves, 2000, p. 136). * Introduce new lesson:Explain lesson`s goals and objectives:Nunan (1999 p. 308) defines goals as " broad general purposes for learningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . * I introduce to students the main idea of lesson and I explain the goals and the objectives of lesson. It is very important for students to know what they are going to learn. (Graves 2000, p.79) mentioned that "formulating goals and objectives helps to build a clear vision of what you will teachà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ .I need my students to know what they are expected to learn and what the purpose behind that. I will make activities in which they are going to be involved explicit and clear. * The teacher will teach students in this lesson new vocabulary, prepositions, prepositional phrases and grammar to help them in speaking and listening skills. * By the end of this lesson students will demonstrate their abilities to do the following; * Differentiate between prepositions and prepositionalphrases.- Deal with locations using prepositions and prepositional phrases.- Use prepositions and prepositional phrases in questions andAnswers as communication.- Describe locations in full sentences.- Practice speaking and listening skills in class which encourage SLA.The number of yearsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ exposure contributes greatly to the overall communicative fluency of the learners, but starting age determines the level of accuracy achieved, particularly in pronunciation (Nunan, 1999, p. 41). As we can see, age does not affect the route of SLA, so all learners will follow the same d...

Tuesday, May 19, 2020

Latin Verbs and Infinitive Endings

An infinitive is a basic form of  a verb that in English often is preceded by to and that serves as a noun or a modifier.  In Latin, infinitives are rarely used to indicate purpose, but rather are most often used to express indirect speech (oratorio obliqua). Latin Infinitive Basics When you look up a Latin verb in a Latin-English dictionary, you will see four entries (principal parts) for most verbs. The second entry—usually abbreviated -are, -ere, or -ire—is the infinitive. More specifically, its the present active infinitive, which is translated into English as to plus whatever the verb means. The vowel (a, e, or i) of the infinitive indicates which conjugation it belongs to. Example of a dictionary entry for a verb in Latin:Laudo, -are, -avi, -atus. Praise The first entry in the dictionary entry is the present, active, singular, first-person form of the verb. Note the -o ending. Laudo  I praise is a first conjugation verb and, therefore, has an infinitive ending in -are. The entire present active infinitive of laudo is laudare, which translates into English as to praise.  Laudari is the present passive infinitive of laudo and means to be praised. Most verbs have six infinitives, which have tense and voice, including: Present active (to praise)Present passive (to have been praised)Perfect active (to have praised)Perfect passive (to have been praised)Future active (to be about to praise)Future passive (to be about to be praised) Perfect Infinitives of Latin Verbs The perfect active infinitive is formed from the perfect stem. In the  example of a first conjugation verb, laudo, the perfect stem is found on the third principal part, laudavi, which is listed in the dictionary simply as -avi. Remove the personal ending (i) and add isse—laudavisse—to make the perfect active infinitive. The perfect passive infinitive is formed from the fourth principal part—in the example, laudatus, plus esse. The perfect passive infinitive is laudatus esse. Future Infinitives of Latin Verbs The fourth principal part also informs future infinitives. The future active infinitive is laudaturus esse and future passive infinitive is laudatum iri. Infinitives of Conjugated Latin Verbs In Latin, verbs are conjugated to indicate voice, person, number, mood, time, and tense. There are four conjugations, or verb inflection groups.  Ã‚   Infinitives of a first conjugation Latin verb include: Present active—amare (love)Present passive—amariPerfect active—amavissePerfect passive—amatus esseFuture active—amaturus esseFuture passive—amatum iri Infinitives of a second conjugation Latin verb include:   Present active—monere (warn)Present passive—moneriPerfect active—monuissePerfect passive—monitus esseFuture active—moniturus esseFuture passive—monitum iri Infinitives of a third conjugation Latin verb include: Present active—regere (rule)Present passive—regiPerfect active—rexissePerfect passive— rectus esseFuture active— recturus esseFuture passive—rectum iri Infinitives of a fourth conjugation Latin verb include: Present active—audire (hear)Present passive—audiriPerfect active—audivissePerfect passive—auditus esseFuture active—auditurus esseFuture passive—auditum iri Interpreting the Infinitive It may be easy to translate the infinitive as to plus whatever the verb is (plus whatever person and tense markers may be required), but explaining the infinitive isnt as easy. It acts as a verbal noun; therefore, it is sometimes taught alongside the gerund. Latin Compositions Bernard M. Allen says that just under half of the time that an infinitive is used in Latin, it is in an indirect statement. An example of an indirect statement is: She says that she is tall. In Latin, the that wouldnt be there. Instead, the construction would involve a regular statement—she says (dicit), followed by the indirect part, with the subject she in the accusative case followed by the present infinitive (esse): Dicit eam esse altam.She says (that) she [acc.] is [infinitive] tall [acc.]. Allen says that Charles E. Bennetts New Latin  Grammar provides a rule for the tense of the infinitive that is only applicable to the present infinitive in an indirect statement. According to Bennetts rule: The Present Infinitive represents an act as contemporaneous with that of the verb on which it depends. Allen prefers the following: In Indirect Statements the present infinitive represents an act as contemporaneous with the time of verb on which it depends. In other substantive uses it is merely a verbal noun, without any tense force. Tense in Latin Complementary Infinitives As an example of why tense is a difficult concept with present infinitives, Allen says that in Cicero and Caesar, a third of their present infinitives follow the verb possum  to be able. If you are able to do something, that ability precedes the time of the statement. Other Uses of the Infinitive An infinitive can also be used as the subject of a sentence. The subjective infinitive is found after impersonal expressions like necesse est,  it is necessary. Necesse est dormire.it is necessary to sleep. Sources Allen, Bernard Melzer. Latin Composition (Classic Reprint). Forgotten Books, 2019Bennett, Charles. New Latin Grammar. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1918.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Short Story - 1229 Words

So whose was it? She pocketed the lipstick and got out the car. In her office, she placed it beside her computer screen, where she could keep an eye on it while she worked in case it happened to metamorphose into†¦ into what? A nuclear warhead? A range of diaphanous underwear complete with stray pubic hairs? Both were about as likely, she felt, as her husband having an affair. He wasn’t the type. And she wasn’t the type to be suspicious†¦ Except now, when suspicious was exactly what she was, and evidence of that suspicion lay in the fact she ended up spending half an hour staring at the lipstick instead of doing whatever it was she was supposed to be doing. What about the day the previous week when her husband had been late home from†¦show more content†¦That would be fine, her husband told her. The following morning, busy keeping one eye on the kids, who perhaps because of the return of their father seemed even more boisterous than usual, Jacqui sat in the passenger seat as her husband drove his children to school and then dropped his wife off at her office and then, though obviously she was no longer sitting in the passenger seat, drove himself to his own office. Jacqui had kept her other eye, the one that wasn’t minding the children, on her husband, watching him for any sign that he might have either noticed or been looking for the lipstick. And once he had dropped the children off, she kept one eye on the lipstick and the other on her husband. Nothing about his body language betrayed any trace of nervousness or guilt, but even so, Jacqui was far from certain she had been mistaken to automatically assume the worst. She spent much of the day contemplating whether the time had come to get one of those divorces she’d heard so much about. Most of her friends had had one, so was it not now her turn to indulge? For his part, Jacqui’s husband spent much of the day wondering how he was going to dig his way out of the latestShow MoreRelatedshort story1018 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Short Stories:  Ã‚  Characteristics †¢Short  - Can usually be read in one sitting. †¢Concise:  Ã‚  Information offered in the story is relevant to the tale being told.  Ã‚  This is unlike a novel, where the story can diverge from the main plot †¢Usually tries to leave behind a  single impression  or effect.  Ã‚  Usually, though not always built around one character, place, idea, or act. †¢Because they are concise, writers depend on the reader bringing  personal experiences  and  prior knowledge  to the story. Four MajorRead MoreThe Short Stories Ideas For Writing A Short Story Essay1097 Words   |  5 Pageswriting a short story. Many a time, writers run out of these short story ideas upon exhausting their sources of short story ideas. If you are one of these writers, who have run out of short story ideas, and the deadline you have for coming up with a short story is running out, the short story writing prompts below will surely help you. Additionally, if you are being tormented by the blank Microsoft Word document staring at you because you are not able to come up with the best short story idea, youRead MoreShort Story1804 Words   |  8 PagesShort story: Definition and History. A  short story  like any other term does not have only one definition, it has many definitions, but all of them are similar in a general idea. According to The World Book Encyclopedia (1994, Vol. 12, L-354), â€Å"the short story is a short work of fiction that usually centers around a single incident. Because of its shorter length, the characters and situations are fewer and less complicated than those of a novel.† In the Cambridge Advanced Learner’s DictionaryRead MoreShort Stories648 Words   |  3 Pageswhat the title to the short story is. The short story theme I am going conduct on is â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty’ by James Thurber (1973). In this short story the literary elements being used is plot and symbols and the theme being full of distractions and disruption. The narrator is giving a third person point of view in sharing the thoughts of the characters. Walter Mitty the daydreamer is very humorous in the different plots of his dr ifting off. In the start of the story the plot, symbols,Read MoreShort Stories1125 Words   |  5 PagesThe themes of short stories are often relevant to real life? To what extent do you agree with this view? In the short stories â€Å"Miss Brill† and â€Å"Frau Brechenmacher attends a wedding† written by Katherine Mansfield, the themes which are relevant to real life in Miss Brill are isolation and appearance versus reality. Likewise Frau Brechenmacher suffers through isolation throughout the story and also male dominance is one of the major themes that are highlighted in the story. These themes areRead MoreShort Story and People1473 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Title: Story Of An Hour Author: Kate Chopin I. On The Elements / Literary Concepts The short story Story Of An Hour is all about the series of emotions that the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard showed to the readers. With the kind of plot of this short story, it actually refers to the moments that Mrs. Mallard knew that all this time, her husband was alive. For the symbol, I like the title of this short story because it actually symbolizes the time where Mrs. Mallard died with joy. And with thatRead MoreShort Story Essay1294 Words   |  6 PagesA short story concentrates on creating a single dynamic effect and is limited in character and situation. It is a language of maximum yet economical effect. Every word must do a job, sometimes several jobs. Short stories are filled with numerous language and sound devices. These language and sound devices create a stronger image of the scenario or the characters within the text, which contribute to the overall pre-designed effect.As it is shown in the metaphor lipstick bleeding gently in CinnamonRead MoreRacism in the Short Stor ies1837 Words   |  7 PagesOften we read stories that tell stories of mixing the grouping may not always be what is legal or what people consider moral at the time. The things that you can learn from someone who is not like you is amazing if people took the time to consider this before judging someone the world as we know it would be a completely different place. The notion to overlook someone because they are not the same race, gender, creed, religion seems to be the way of the world for a long time. Racism is so prevalentRead MoreThe Idol Short Story1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe short stories â€Å"The Idol† by Adolfo Bioy Casares and â€Å"Axolotl† by Julio Cortà ¡zar address the notion of obsession, and the resulting harm that can come from it. Like all addictions, obsession makes one feel overwhelmed, as a single thought comes to continuously intruding our mind, causing the individual to not be able to ignore these thoughts. In â€Å"Axolotl†, the narr ator is drawn upon the axolotls at the Jardin des Plantes aquarium and his fascination towards the axolotls becomes an obsession. InRead MoreGothic Short Story1447 Words   |  6 Pages The End. In the short story, â€Å"Emma Barrett,† the reader follows a search party group searching for a missing girl named Emma deep in a forest in Oregon. The story follows through first person narration by a group member named Holden. This story would be considered a gothic short story because of its use of setting, theme, symbolism, and literary devices used to portray the horror of a missing six-year-old girl. Plot is the literal chronological development of the story, the sequence of events

Introduction to the Irish Legal System

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction to the Irish Legal System. Answer: Criminal and Civil Law in Irish Legal System On analyzing the Irish legal system it can be observed that it can be classified into two types which includes civil and criminal law. In the context, it can be stated here that the core emphasis of criminal law is to uphold the societal morality with the help of prohibiting acts as opposed to public order along with punishing the individuals performing such activities. In such cases, any individual who is accused of committing such activities are charged under criminal offences. In Irish legal system, criminal offences include minor offences like driving without a seatbelt to severe crime like rape, murder, burglary (Ireland-information, 2007). In such cases, on the basis of the seriousness of the cases, sanctions for offences vary from fine to imprisonment. In such cases, the prosecution of an offence is performed by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) in criminal court on behalf of the state. In such cases it is essential on the part of DPP to establish beyond reasonable doubt that the offence has been committed by the accused. As compared to civil courts, this is a higher burden of proof, the reason behind this being overruling public interest and criminal laws moral nature. On the other hand, in case of civil law, the core objective is to manage disputes between individuals. An individual initiates civil actions and issues proceedings against another person, wherein the involvement of the state is minimal. In such cases, the civil courts deals with such cases, wherein, it is determined by the civil courts if a private law right of the associated party is breached on the part of the defendant. In these cases, it is the responsibility of the civil cases to specify the apt remedy, for instance, the compensation to be paid to the aggrieved party by the defendant (McCutcheon, 2009). In the civil cases, the aggrieved party, for the purpose of establishing the liability of the defendant to the injured party, is required to prove on a balance of probabilities regarding the errors of the defendant. A mentionable example of civil law under Irish legal system is contract law that is an essential arena for business students to be accustomed with. Other significant branches of civil law are consumer, tort and employment law. To further illustrate the differentiating factors of between the civil and criminal law under Irish law, the factor of classifications is one of the prime factor on the basis of which civil and criminal law can be differentiated. In this context, it is mentionable here that, under the factors of classifications criminal law, under Irish legal system can be classified as public law that is referred to as a prosecution. On the contrary, civil law can be classified as private law which is referred to as a civil action. Another mentionable factor on the basis of which criminal and civil law can be differentiated under Irish legal system is parties involved in the case. In case of criminal law, the involved parties include prosecution and the defense. On the other hand, in civil law, the involved parties are the defendant and the plaintiff. In terms of objectives of criminal and civil cases, prosecution of the defendant is the main objective of criminal law (accountingtechniciansireland.i e, 2010). In addition to the above mentioned aspect, the objective of criminal cases also revolves around giving punishment along with incapacitation, deterrence, retribution and rehabilitation of the prosecuted individual. On the contrary, in case of civil case, the prime objective is to sue the defendant along with ascertaining compensation for the aggrieved party and ceasing the actions which are unwanted in nature. In the context on the basis of the tests applied by the court to determine liability as well, criminal and civil law can be differentiated. It can be stated from the fact that in case of criminal law under tests applied by the court to determine liability is associated beyond all reasonable doubt. On the contrary in civil law, under tests applied by the court to determine liability includes balance of probabilities, which is lower than criminal question if it is less or more likely (Kilkelly, 2009). Similarly, under the aspect of finding, in case of criminal law it re volves around finding is an individual is guilty or not. Whereas, in case of civil law the finding is associated with the aspect of establishing is an individual is liable or not. An essential aspect on the basis of which criminal and civil law are differentiated is on the aspect of commencement of proceedings, wherein it is observed that in case of criminal cases, under the criminal law, with the help of DPP through indictment or summons the proceedings are seen to be commenced. Civil cases observed initiation with the help of way of pleading (Mansergh, 2013). Remedies or penalties are also a vital aspect which distinguishes criminal laws from civil laws. Under criminal laws the remedies provided to an individual includes imprisonment, fines, community service orders or probation orders. The civil laws award penalties which include damages, injunctions, court orders, rescission, an account for profit etc. The differentiation between civil law and criminal law can be further elabora ted with the help of certain examples regarding the cases dealt under criminal law and civil law. In this context it is mentionable here that, criminal law primarily deals with theft, murder, fraudulent trading etc cases. Whereas, in civil law, the core emphasis is on cases dealing with trespass, negligence and breach of contract . In addition to the above mentioned aspect the court structure also differs in case of criminal and civil cases. In case of criminal court structure, the jurisdiction of criminal courts begins with district courts which deal with criminal law matters, which is also known as inferior criminal court. In Ireland there exists 24 District Courts which comprises of one legally qualified Judge responsible for decision making of the cases. In the above rung of criminal court structure is Circuit Criminal Court that is responsible for all serious responses apart from rape, murder, treason, aggravated sexual assault. The serious cases which are not heard in the Circ uit Court are dealt with in the Central Criminal Court, which comprise of one Judge and a Jury (Donovan, 2010). Special Criminal Court, is the reserve for the cases which includes terrorist cases and dangerous criminals. In Special Criminal Court, the jury is seen to be absent but three judges resides the cases. Though this court is not a permanent one, however, it is essential to deal with cases as such cases cannot be effectively heard in other courts. In the upper rung of Circuit Court is Court of Criminal Appeal which is an appeal court which implies the fact that cases are not heard in the court for the first time, wherein it is responsible for dealing with hearing from lower courts like the central or circuit court which deals with interpretation and application of law. In Ireland, the final court of appeal is the Supreme Court which is only responsible for hearing appeals associated with decision regarding points of law in cases of significant importance. In case of civil court structure, like criminal court structure, District Court is in the lowest rung of the structure. Herein, it is mentionable here that though District is primarily a criminal court, then also there are certain jurisdiction associated with it which entitles it to hear certain civil law matters which includes damages associated with tort and contract case, application associated with certain licenses like license to sell alcohol, tenant matter, family laws etc. The District Court has the authority to award a maximum damage of 6, 348.69. Followed by the District Court, Circuit Court is in the upper rung of District Court which is the largest civil court. In the Circuit Court aspects associated with civil cases are heard in one of the eight Circuit Court Divisions on the part of Circuit Court Judge (accountingtechniciansireland.ie, 2010). In the Circuit Court, the cases mainly deal with tort and contract claims which are limited to damages not more than 38,092.14. In cases involving civil dispute, the High Court which is in upper rung of Circuit Court, hears civil laws and matters associated with claims in tort and larger contract claims. In cases involving civil disputes, the Supreme Court is responsible for dealing with the appeals from the High Court wherein the validity of a law is challenged along with dealing with appeals by the manner of case stated from High Court. Thus the above made clearly demonstrates the difference between civil and criminal laws in terms of classification, parties involved in the cases, objectives, tests applied by the Court to determine liability, finding, commencement of proceedings, remedies, the cases dealt under the laws and most importantly structure of criminal and civil courts. Irish Supreme Court In order to identify the origin of Irish Supreme Court, Bunreacht na hEireann or the Irish Constitution is required to be referred. The basis of law of Ireland is its Constitution wherein, it has been observed that Article 34 of the Irish Constitution established the court system in Ireland which includes a Court of Final Appeal. In Ireland, the Court of Final Appeal is known as Supreme Court (Citizensinformation.ie, 2015). Another essential or source of origin of the Supreme Court in Ireland is Article 6 of the Constitution in which sovereignty is vested in the hand of the citizens of the state. This makes Ireland answerable to the court for the errors committed against the individuals due to breaching their legal rights or constitution. This also results in the formation of the Irish Supreme Court. Thus, it can be stated here that, Irish Courts which are established under the States Constitution, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and the High Court forms the governments judici al organ. Basing on the above made discussion it can be observed that Supreme Court is the highest Court of appeal, wherein, it becomes essential to discuss the structure of the Supreme Court. The Irish Supreme Court comprises of a President which is known as the Chief Justice. At present, Susan Mary Denham is the Chief Justice of Ireland. In addition to the above mentioned aspect, the Supreme Court also comprises of seven ordinary judges. In accordance to the office, the President of High Court is also the Supreme Courts ex officio member. In specific cases, the Supreme Court has the permission for extra judges (Farber, 2007). In the Supreme Court, the judges are ranked as the Chief Justice, the President of the High Court, Judges who were former Chief Justices on the basis of the date of appointment and other Supreme Court judges on the basis of their date of appointment. Herein it can be stated that in cases of procedural matters of no significant legal introduction, three judges sit. In ca ses which are associated with constitutional challenge to a particular statute or in cases which includes an essential question of law occurs five judges sit. Other than the above mentioned aspect, cases which include extreme significance like a Bill referring to Supreme Court under Article 26 of the Constitution, seven judges sit. Under the Irish Constitution, the powers allocated to the Supreme Court are also required to be discussed. One of the essential functions allocated to the Supreme Court includes original jurisdiction. In this regard it is mentionable here that Supreme Court deals with cases that includes, point of law which have significant importance, wherein the constitutionality or legality of a Bill or Statute is queried upon or the issues of whether the President of Ireland has become completely incapacitated. Another essential function of Supreme Court is dealing with appeals (Supremecourt.ie, 2007). The regular duty of Supreme Court is hearing appeals which are made by the High Court along with cases which are stated on the part of the Circuit and High Courts. These appeals are required to be approved on the part of trial judges prior sending it to the Supreme Court. In addition to the above mentioned aspect, appeals from the Court of Criminal Appeal can be brought to the Supreme Court on cert ifying the fact that the involved cases are associated with matters of significant public importance. In this context it can be stated that it is rarest of rarest cases in which Supreme Court is seen to deal with hearing from witnesses, appeals based on oral evidences etc. Decision making is another essential function of Supreme Court, wherein it us noticed that majority ruling is the edifice of decision making, though it is noticeable that every judge delivered by the Supreme Court is entitled to deliver a distinct judgment, irrespective of agreement on the part of the majority ruling. Decisions associated with validity on the constitutionality or law or of a Bill the majority decision is ruling. The decisions in such cases are given ex tempore or instantly after hearing the issues (Flanagan, Ahern, 2011). However, in most of the cases, the decisions are reserved by the Supreme Court in which the judges take certain amount of time to consider the discussed issues and deliver the decision at a later date. The decisions which are delivered by the Supreme Court are binding, ultimate and non-appealing being the being Court of the nation. Thus on the basis of the above made discussion it can be stated that the jurisdiction of Supreme Court includes hearing appeals from the Court of Appeal in case the Supreme Court is satisfied with the involved decision, the interest of justice. The jurisdiction of Supreme Court also includes, hearing direct appeals from High Court in case Supreme Court is satisfied with the fact that the case is of exceptional circumstances, it is also entitled to determine whether the question of the permanent incapability of the President arises. Thus, the decision made on the part of Supreme Court is ultimate and cannot be further applied. In the formation of rights and obligations of the citizens of Ireland there are various Supreme Court cases which played a major role. One of the essential rights of individual in criminal cases is the right of bail of individuals. In this aspect as essential case is People v O Callaghan case 1966. Under the particular case, it was stated that the main purpose of bail is to safeguard the appearance of the accused at the time of time trial with the help of reasonable amount of bail. In the particular case, it was further stated that the purpose of the bail was to neither prevent or punitive (hoc.ie, 2014). It is with the help of this case, wherein certain aspects which are taken into consideration in the process of criminal proceeding and justice which includes, nature of the accusation, nature of evidence, probable sentence to be imposed, likelihood of committing crime in the future, convicts failure to answer to bail. The aspect of adoption and associated rights is an essential element of personal and family rights. A landmark case in the history of Supreme Court cases in this context is The State (Nicolaou) v An Bord Uchtala case. In the particular case, it was stated on the part of the Supreme Court that natural unmarried father was not provided with the entitlement to be heard before an adoption order. Furthermore, a natural unmarried father was not entitled to the provisions of Article 41 of the Constitution (Humanrights.ie, 2012). Such individuals were also not allowed to rely upon their natural rights as a father. The reason behind this being, such rights are entitled to the family, wherein it was observed that he did not formulate a family under Article 41 of the constitution. In the particular case, another essential aspect which was highlighted was the rights of the mother which was entitled under Article 42 of the constitution rather than Article 41 of the constitution. Thus, it is an es sential case under family rights, which stated the fact that excluding all other relationships, the basis of formation of family is marriage. The State (Ryan) v. Lennon case 1934, is another essential case which formed the present form of rights and obligations of the citizens which dealt with the issue of judicial review. In the particular case, Article 2A of the Constitution was challenged which established the operation of military tribunal. Section 2 put forward the fact that Article 3 along with other subsequent Articles of the Constitution is subjected to Article 2A. The tribunal was required to be comprised of 5 members belonging from the defense forces that are removable at the wish of the Government. The tribunal was also competent to try terrorist related activities and offence. Section 7 also provided the Tribunal with the authority to impose penalty to the guilty for the offence that are more than usual legal punishment. In the process of trial of The State (Ryan) v. Lennon case 1934, it has identified that the determined aspect of the article were not in alignment with human rights along with the principle of separation of powers. It seen from the provisions of Oireachtas that Constitution was no more, an essential aspect to be covered in cases of post-Civil war violence and it was take the entire situation under its control. Thus in the particular case, the authority was given to the judiciary to consider whether they want to intervene (Humanrights.ie, 2010). The aspect of parliamentary sovereignty to be specific political constitutionalism got further emphasized with the help of this case. Significantly, the absence of any formal text based prohibition associated with Oireachtas has been expressed in this case with the help of Article 50 which highlighted on its amendment. Other than the above mentioned aspect, the particular case also witnessed denial of judicial interventional in associated allocated to executive and legislative organs along with judicial despotism and highlighted on making the court sovereign in nature. Thus this case acted as a land mark in establishing the right o f judicial review on the part of the individuals. There are various landmark cases in the history of Supreme Court among the various cases, the above discussed cases are significant ones, which formed the basis of rights and obligations of the citizens of Ireland. References accountingtechniciansireland.ie. (2010). Laws Ethics Republic of Ireland. [online] Available at: https://www.accountingtechniciansireland.ie/files/documents_and_forms/law_ethics_roi.pdf [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Citizensinformation.ie. (2015). Supreme Court of Ireland. [online] Available at: https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/courts_system/supreme_court.html [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Donovan, D. (2010). The Irish legal system. 1st ed. Dublin: Thomson Reuters (Round Hall). Farber, D. A. (2007). The Supreme Court, the Law of Nations, and Citations of Foreign Law: The Lessons of History. California Law Review, 95, 1335-1365. Flanagan, B., Ahern, S. (2011). Judicial decision-making and transnational law: a survey of common law Supreme Court Judges. Int'l Comp. LQ, 60, 1. hoc.ie. (2014). Bail. [online] Available at: https://www.hoc.ie/criminal-law/bail/ [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Humanrights.ie. (2010). Human Rights in Irish Legal History: Cahillane on Judicial Review (Guest Contribution). [online] Available at: https://humanrights.ie/constitution-of-ireland/human-rights-in-irish-legal-history-cahillane-on-judicial-review/ [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Humanrights.ie. (2012). Guest post: renewed discrimination against non-marital children?. [online] Available at: https://humanrights.ie/constitution-of-ireland/guest-post-renewed-discrimination-against-non-marital-children/ [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Ireland-information. (2007). The Irish State - Legal System. [online] Available at: https://www.ireland-information.com/reference/legalsys.html [Accessed 16 May 2017]. Kilkelly, U. (2009). ECHR and Irish law. 1st ed. Bristol [England?]: Jordans. Mansergh, N. (2013). The Irish Free State-Its Government and Politics. Read Books Ltd. McCutcheon, P. (2009). The Irish Legal System. Supremecourt.ie. (2007). Supreme Court of Ireland. [online] Available at: https://www.supremecourt.ie/SupremeCourt/sclibrary3.nsf/pagecurrent/D5F78352A387D74480257315005A419E?opendocumentl=en [Accessed 16 May 2017].

Tuesday, April 21, 2020

Research Thesis Guidelines; Prior Tips for Thesis Preparation

Reason for the Study. What precisely would you like to study? Why? For what purpose? What is the hypothetical and additionally viable importance  of your study? Writing Review. What different reviews have been done that identify with your topic? What are the fundamental discoveries of those reviews? What speculations address your research title? Their views  in this regards? PhD Thesis Writing Services System. Relevant particular speculations to be tried ought to be plainly expressed. What are the free, ward, and control factors in your review? By what method will information be gathered (e.g., study, analyze, field inquire about)? In what manner will you gauge the factors in your review? What sort of test will be utilized? What are your units of investigation? In what capacity will human subjects be secured? Note:-   Looking for Top Notch  Custom Thesis Writing Service In what capacity will informational indexes be gained if optional information examination is utilized? Information Analysis What sort of measurable analysis  do you hope to direct? Time Table A timetable for finishing each area of the proposal must be incorporated. Materials In the event that important, maintain duplicate copies  of proposed materials (e.g., polls to be directed). Students  must frame the board of trustees for their proposition by the mid-semester sign of their third semester. Students  must have their theory proposition meeting before the last day of their third semester. Students  must present their research  to their board of trustees 20 days before the research defense day. This date changes each semester and is distributed in  UNLV plan. For more details regarding thesis writing services visit our website. outshines within the field of academic writing with its 24/7 reliable writing services. Its experienced writers go extra miles to deliver the best because they work with a mission to deliver nothing but the work of paramount quality.

Monday, March 16, 2020

Free Essays on Transportation & Technology

How has technology transformed transportation? Over the years technology has made significant differences which effect today’s transportation. Technological development has affected the speed, tracking, communication, efficiency, and effectiveness of all modes of transportation. With the increasing use of computers, technology has made an increasing change to the speed of transportation. With the development of the EazyPass and MetroCard travelers have the advantage of waiting to get to toll booths. The EazyPass speeds up traffic which speeds up delivery times and improves efficiency. That is, time is not wasted waiting at toll booths rather it is used efficiently. The MetroCard provides a similar advantage in that subway and bus passengers avoid waiting on line to purchase tokens. It is also an advantage in that the passengers do not need to carry around heavy coin tokens. Thus, the process of traveling is faster, more convenient, and efficient. The development of the UPC barcodes has also transformed transportation in various ways. The bar codes are widely used for tracking not only packages as well ship containers, and documents. The UPC barcodes are widely used by freight forwarders. Each package can be easily tracked and located by the UPC code. Each shipment can be tracked online and located by both the shipper and the receiver by the â€Å"tracking number.† Cargo companies use the same system in tracking their load containers, trucks, etc. Communication system developments have made significant changes to today’s transportation. With the introduction of the cellular phones and satellite communication, forwarders such as UPS are able to provide real time tracking information about packages. Each driver, pilot, etc. is equipped with a cellular phone in order to provide delivery information to its customers. Radio frequency technology or (Automatic Equipment Identification) is yet another way of co... Free Essays on Transportation & Technology Free Essays on Transportation & Technology How has technology transformed transportation? Over the years technology has made significant differences which effect today’s transportation. Technological development has affected the speed, tracking, communication, efficiency, and effectiveness of all modes of transportation. With the increasing use of computers, technology has made an increasing change to the speed of transportation. With the development of the EazyPass and MetroCard travelers have the advantage of waiting to get to toll booths. The EazyPass speeds up traffic which speeds up delivery times and improves efficiency. That is, time is not wasted waiting at toll booths rather it is used efficiently. The MetroCard provides a similar advantage in that subway and bus passengers avoid waiting on line to purchase tokens. It is also an advantage in that the passengers do not need to carry around heavy coin tokens. Thus, the process of traveling is faster, more convenient, and efficient. The development of the UPC barcodes has also transformed transportation in various ways. The bar codes are widely used for tracking not only packages as well ship containers, and documents. The UPC barcodes are widely used by freight forwarders. Each package can be easily tracked and located by the UPC code. Each shipment can be tracked online and located by both the shipper and the receiver by the â€Å"tracking number.† Cargo companies use the same system in tracking their load containers, trucks, etc. Communication system developments have made significant changes to today’s transportation. With the introduction of the cellular phones and satellite communication, forwarders such as UPS are able to provide real time tracking information about packages. Each driver, pilot, etc. is equipped with a cellular phone in order to provide delivery information to its customers. Radio frequency technology or (Automatic Equipment Identification) is yet another way of co...

Friday, February 28, 2020

Globalising a new enterprice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Globalising a new enterprice - Essay Example This paper would therefore address the issue from a heterogeneous point of intervention. This means that not only would the strategies needed for making the company go global be looked at but then interventions and models for rescuing the company from further decline in profit will also be reviewed. Of course when the company gains a good capital resource stand, employee retention would no longer become a problem for it. Global Business Expansion Procedure For the global business expansion to take place, there are a number of procedures to follow. First of these is what the International Expansion Organization (2010) describe as development strategy. As much as authors begin their publications with manuscripts and constructors complete their facilities with architectural plans, it is important that any company seeking to go global have well researched and expert driven strategies in place. Specifically, the International Expansion Organization admonishes businesses â€Å"to identify international expansion as a business development strategy to be based on sound business research.† This means that preparation of strategic plan to lead the company into the start of its global venture should be based on detailed research. Through this research, which is referred to in some quarters as feasibility studies, the company should be in a position to decide on a number of issues including the following: 1. Project Scope: the scope should define the areas of the company that will be affected by the expansion project and should include participants as well as end users who will be affected by the global expansion. 2. Current Analysis: This analysis should explain the current mode of expansion implementation. That is, there should be a roadmap on the implementation process. 3. Requirements: The feasibility study must state all resources that will be required to undertake the expansion. These requirements should include both financial and non-financial resources. 4. A pproach: The approach for takeoff and implementation should be clearly stated in the plan. Without such an approach, the project will be haphazard. 5. Evaluation: It should be stated clearly, how the company is going to evaluate its progress performance. The evaluation should not only be internalized but should employ the services of external peer reviewers. After all these processes are followed in the strategic plan, the company will be ready to make other moves. The second stage of the global expansion plan should be correction of internal management loopholes. This is to say that there should be management strategies that ensure that the basic crises of the company such as employee turnover and profit retardation are corrected. This stage is very much needed to make the image of the company lucrative to the international market when it finally moves. As ways of maximizing local profits, the following are suggested: 1. Internal Cost Reduction Strategy: Management should be bold o n taking decisions that will help in cutting down on internal cost spending in the company. For example in the allocation of funds in the company’s budget, sacrifices should be made to ensure that much capital is directed to profit generation sectors rather than human resource wellbeing programs. The challenge with this strategy will be that committed workers would not want to stay but there will be an eventual

Wednesday, February 12, 2020

Vietnam and the Twentieth Century Experience Essay

Vietnam and the Twentieth Century Experience - Essay Example The proponent also discusses the resources that could be helpful to students of history particularly in understanding Vietnam’s culture and history. In particular, the proponent discusses the case of Vietnamese students in France during and after the colonial role of the French government in Vietnam, and their specific stand on nationalism that could mirror the Vietnamese culture or entire history. Student migration in France during and after the colonial role of the French government in Vietnam was a significant source of information that could elaborately discuss the issue regarding Vietnamese nationalism (McConnell 1989). Vietnamese students at this very moment in time had learned to communicate using French into newspapers, leaflets and even to letters they sent at home. Most of these students learned to express themselves in the French language, especially on various political ideas. Significantly, a historian having no sufficient background on Vietnamese culture or history would be able to document some substantial information that could elaborately discuss the political stand of Vietnamese students using some sources that could evidently express an essential link with the actual event in Vietnam and its culture and history. In this manner, even though the ideas had not been directly gathered in Vietnam, but the Vietnamese students in France and their specific political stand on some certain issues would specifically pave the way for understanding the actual event happening in their country and their political stand. Furthermore, their specific opinion or stand on the certain issue could be actually gathered through understanding their experiences which could be collected from existing articles or communication they had written.  

Friday, January 31, 2020

The use of IFI replacing PRSP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The use of IFI replacing PRSP - Essay Example It is a road map that leads the organizations involved in this process, to the making of the final PRSP. During the period in which the document is formulated, greater participation by the civil society is encouraged. The data that provides information on the nature of poverty and its distribution are collected and considered for statistical analysis. According to the IMF and the World Bank, the PRSP document must present an exclusive description of the participatory process for the making of the document, a comprehensive diagnosis of the problem of poverty, clear description of the social and economic priorities and transparent targets in accordance with the costs incurred by the society. The PRSP acts as an indicator of the monitoring system and helps in evaluating the process of progress (Christiansen and Hovland, â€Å"The PRSP Initiative: Multilateral Policy Change and the Role of Research†). ... This is because the process is highly context specific and the does not follow any pre determined critical pathway that would directly lead the government of the country to develop the PRSP (Christiansen and Hovland, â€Å"The PRSP Initiative: Multilateral Policy Change and the Role of Research†). The basic principle followed for the drafting of the interim PRSP is to follow the broad participation rate, engagement of the civil society as well as the private sector in deciding the structure of the expenditure and their priorities. Structural adjustment measures in Pakistan Pakistan has undergone a number of structural adjustment programs since the 1970s. The adjustment modification that was undertaken in the 1980s had brought improvement in the economic performance of the country and also made the common population capable of responding to the economic changes occurring in the economy of Pakistan. However, the focus of these structural adjustment lied solely on increasing effi ciency of economic activities in order to bring economic benefits, but, attention had not been given to the problem of rising income inequality. Incidence of poverty has grown over the years and at present there is huge inequality in distribution of income (James and Pyatt, â€Å"Three-Gap Analysis of Structural Adjustment in Pakistan†). These factors have necessitated the drafting of the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers. The government (Finance Ministry of the Government) along with the civic bodies in the nation, individual participants and non-governmental organizations work in synchronization to develop the draft of the PRSP backed by the international financial institutions (IFI). The PRSP has been aimed at replacing the existing structural adjustment measures in the

Thursday, January 23, 2020

National Income Essay -- Income Economy Economics Essays

National Income National income is a measure of the value of the output of the good and services produced by an economy over a period of time. It is defined as a flow of output. Economic essay National income is a measure of the value of the output of the good and services produced by an economy over a period of time. It is defined as a flow of output. A reason why we need to collect national income figures is to provide an accurate estimate of changes in the volume of output produced during one year, which can then be compared with other years. In order to see what has happened to the real national income when two years are compared, we must remove the effects of inflation on the prices of data, so that we don't obtain misleading data. National income can be measured by GDP, GNP and NNP. GDP is the Gross Domestic Product; it is the value of output produced by factors of production located within a certain country. GNP is Gross National Product; this measures the total value of output produced, and incomes received by a country's residents from the ownership of resources, wherever these happen to be located. GNP therefore takes account of the fact that some of that country's residents earn incomes such as rent and profit from owning resources located abroad. Therefore GNP includes the full value of plant and equipment produced during the course of a year. Net national product is Gross National Product minus Depreciation. Depreciation is the decline of existing plant and equipment over a period of time, that id declined due to wear and tear and obsolescence. NNP is the aggregate that is most usually taken to mean national income. GNP is more of the official measure for national income, however ... ...wever not because it has a outstanding economy but because of all the oil it exports. In reality Oman doesn't offer a wide variety of goods or services and therefore its standard of living is perhaps worse than countries with lower GNP's. Â · Also a country's GNP may be high, however most of the output it might produce may be exported, meaning that locals don't have all these outputs to choose from and so there standard of living isn't that great. Therefore using national income to make international comparisons of living standards has its benefits and limitations, however the limitations that arise are far greater than the advantages. However currently it the most efficient method to use for making international comparisons for standard living and until a new more reliable procedure is created, it is the one that we are obliged to use.

Wednesday, January 15, 2020

Barnesandnoble.com & Technology

Technology and internet made life more efficient nowadays. Part of innovation is the integration of websites where one can buy books that they need and have it shipped directly at their doorstep. Barnes and Noble is one of the most trusted site when it comes to online bookselling. This paper aims to evaluate the website along with its business model, ethical, legal and security issues. A discussion will also be presented on how the website uses communication technologies in both effective and non effective ways. One of the largest book chains stores in the US has been Barnes and Noble.It started as a local book store and find ways to make book buying more convenient by creating their own website. Online booking selling seems to have one disadvantage over store book selling. The customers in the stores are able to feel the book and read excerpts of the book. In such a circumstance, they would be more interested in buying the book and would find the book its money’s worth. With time, the internet is beginning to change, and many of the manufacturers are beginning to show case the product and actually permit the customer to sample it using the internet.With the bookshelf model, it does seem that it would be costly to get the investment to setup the place, build shelves and get the logistics. In comparison, an online store does not require much of investment and infrastructure. The customer can access the online bookstore from almost any part of the world and can select the book. The user would need only a computer, an Internet connection, and a membership username and within a short period of time the product would be delivered to the house. Studies have shown that when the price of a product was lowered, below the willingness to pay, the customer is more likely to obtain the product.The customer would obtain the product satisfactorily, if the price equals the willingness to pay. The customer would not be happy if the price of the product is higher than the willingness to pay. Barnes and Noble has a good reputation and has it stores located in various parts of the US. People are paying more money for Barnes and Noble products because it is more renowned and started as a local store. Barnes and Noble company went online and offered the customers huge discounts for online hardcover and paperback versions (up to 30 %).Barnes and Noble wanted to become the leader in online bookselling by displacing other online bookstores. They felt that online business offered much greater opportunities, as people could not find a bookstore with a variety. People from even other countries could do online shopping and improve the sales of the company. The investment over infrastructure and setting up a shop was much higher compared to a bookstore compared to online shopping. People, who did not have the time to search for a bookstore, could now do it setting in the comfort of their homes. This seemed to be one of the greatest advantages of online shopping .Through online shopping, the books could be advertised and marketed and this could really boost sales. Barnes and Noble operated a sorting facility in Jamesburg, and slowly this facility began to expand. They developed a very efficient strategy in comparison to Amazon, and claimed to bring the book to the customer much faster than what Amazon actually did. However, the operations of both, Barnes and Noble and Amazon were similar. Barnes and Noble also created better web features compared to Amazon. They also separated out the online operations from the bookstore in order to evade tax.This practice is considered to be unethical and illegal because it is the prime responsibility of a business to adhere to tax rules. At the back end of the operations, Barnes and Noble also tried to establish relations with the publishers and the wholesalers. One advantage the company had observed was that the operations were much lesser compared to a standard bookstore as infrastructure costs were sav ed. Barnes and Noble soon began to offer to the online customers, books at the wholesale or warehouse rates. The company also offered several services.The software tool of Barnes and Noble company permitted the customers to store personal data and also buy the books very easily. They also signed up with several Internet organizations such as AOL and the New York Times to provide extra services. AOL provided software and news services. This is one good strategy as the communication technology is maximized and at the same time security issues are intact. As Barnes and Noble offered personalized services, it could be combined to the Harvesting model of substitution. Barnes and Noble also tried develop a website much richer than other websites.They began to involve the operations of the book supply system so as to improve the online strategy. The software technology utilized by Barnes and Noble was also much superior to prove that the company really has a good business model. Barnes and Nobel website had its name already established in the online book market. They were seeking to make relationships with the customers and improve their business further. The graphics of the website that belonged to Barnes and Noble was much more esthetically pleasing compared to others. The main targets of the website were the buyers which is really a good strategy in business.Several benefits of the business model of the website gives focus on the costs of the books, marketing, advertisement, brand name, services provided, reputation, delivery time, discounts provided, range of after sales services, etc. Barnes and Noble is really a customer friendly website. Reference: Barnes and Noble (2009), Books, [Online]. [Retrieved: February 18 2009] from: http://www. barnesandnoble. com/bookstore. asp? z=y,. Barnes & Noble Booksellers (2009). [Retrieved: February 18 2009] from: http://www. washingtonpost. com/gog/book-events/barnes-and-noble-booksellers- rockville,798835. html

Tuesday, January 7, 2020

The Deeper Meanings of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

The Deeper Meanings of Young Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown, a story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne, should be interpreted on a psychoanalytical level rather than a religious one. It is my observation that Young Goodman Brown may very well be the first published work alluding to divisions of the mind and personality theory. Although religion is a direct theme throughout the story, Young Goodman Brown appears to be an allegory with deeper meanings. To explore properly my position concerning the dynamics of Young Goodman Brown, it is necessary to understand Freuds structural model. The development of Freuds structural model presents an understanding of the struggles between the conscious and unconscious forces of the†¦show more content†¦The pleasure-seeking id is clearly dominating its control over the superego. Another part of the psyche that is critical in controlling the impulses of the id is called the superego. With the superego our innate tendencies of the id are properly restrained. When Goodman Brown questions the travelers advice to continue the journey, he is allowing his superego to take charge. This is shown when he confidently declares, I have scruples, touching the matter thou wotst of (Hawthorne 274). Goodman Brown also shows signs of his fighting superego when he firmly asserts, My mind is made up. Not another step will I budge on this errand... (Hawthorne 276). In the story, Brown is frequently stopping and reconsidering his commitment to the traveler, which is comparable to what an id and superego would do. The superego focuses on moral standards to justify decisions. An example of this is when Goodman Brown sat himself down at the stump of a tree and refused to go any farther (Hawthorne 276). For Goodman Brown to stop this way, his superego must have had just enough doubt to cause him to want to stop in his tracks. The staff, which is fashioned from a maple branch by the guide, can be interpreted as a symbolic link. This link connects the dark, inner forces (the id) with the higher, rational forces that govern our benevolence (the superego). When Goodman Brown states that he will go no further, theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Young Goodman Brown1179 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is an odd story with a deeper meaning than is apparent on the surface. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote his short story â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† in 1835 with what seems like the intentions of gothic and romance features. However, looking further into the story of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† it is clear to see that there is a possibility that the imagery displayed can lead to some interesting theories behind Hawthornes purpose, imagery, and symbolism in the text. Throughout the story, HawthorneRead MoreYoung Goodman Brown from a Moral Standpoint1352 Words   |  6 PagesHawthorne discov ered that his ancestors were founders and Puritan leaders of the Salem witch trials. Shortly after this tragic finding, he wrote â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† a tale that is considered one of the greatest in American literature. Analyzing Nathaniel Hawthorne’s work from a moral perspective can help illuminate his short story: â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† Hawthorne was both prideful and embarrassed in the actions of his ancestors. According to Jacqueline Shoemaker, Hawthorne felt pride in seeingRead MoreThe Moral Complexity Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1681 Words   |  7 PagesThe Moral Complexity Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is about a Christian man, the title character who walks through a dark and dreary forest, witnessing some people in his community he thought were godly walking deeper into the â€Å"path of evil.† He has to make a decision whether to keep walking towards the satanic meeting or go back home. The characters Hawthorne chooses have some relation to either the trials or the Christian way of life. Back in the middle 1900s, the society relied heavilyRead MoreNathaniel Hawthorne s Young Goodman Brown1400 Words   |  6 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, the author of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804. Hawthorne, born into a Puritan family who was struggling financially, had never met his father. He had died when Hawthorne was but a boy of four years old. This, along with embarrassments brought upon by other ancestors, seemed to affect his writing and perhaps even inspired parts of  "Young Goodman Brown.† Hawthorne had one ancestor, a Puritan judge, who persecuted Quakers, and another, who had takenRead MoreThe Brown s A Forest, And The Devil !1742 Words   |  7 PagesThe Brown’s, A Forest, and The Devil! Oh My Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† tells a tale of when man, who is supposedly good in nature, faces temptation and evil head on. The story, much like the tale of Adam Eve, is an allegory for the evil and selfishness of mankind; for young Goodman Brown s fight with his inner temptations and his outward struggle with the devil himself represents mankind s lost encounter within the battle of good and evil. Though it is not clear whether the events inRead MoreCompare And Contrast Scarlet Letter And Young Goodman Brown1485 Words   |  6 Pageshumiliate her and Goodman Brown’s hopelessness after seeing people he trusts conversing with the devil. In Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter, Hester gains a new strength from the letter A after recognizing the evil nature of Puritan society. Whereas in Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† witnessing Puritan’s hypocrisy first hand, Goodman Brown falls into despair and confusing. Although depict ed in different lights, Hawthorne’s characters in The Scarlet Letter and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† ultimately revealRead MoreAnalysis Of Hawthorne s The Man s Fall 1438 Words   |  6 PagesCalvinistic, and ancient beliefs that form the basis of Hawthorne’s work (Hawthorne 392). Besides, the researcher notes that Hawthorne’s life is authentic although fictional. There is a psychological aspect of the story in that the man’s fall is unavoidable. The narration contains metaphoric and literal journey of the newlywed male character. However, he is making the treacherous journey with the devil himself therefore creating a spiritual crisis. Goodman Brown’s decision is ambiguous to his audience becauseRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne979 Words   |  4 Pageswell-known dark romanticist and author of â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† and â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† displays a love for story and symbols. Goodman Brown in â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† chooses to question his faith and sells himself out of everyone because he does not believe in anyone. Whereas Hester in â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† was thrown away from everyone because of her actions. Hawthorne’s usage of light and dark imagery in both, â€Å"The Scarlet Letter,† and â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† represents good and evil, and the difficultyRead MoreThe Theme Of Faith In Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown945 Words   |  4 PagesHawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown†, is a coming of age story of saints and sinners. Goodman Brown, our main character and narrator, leads us through his experience of the forest and the temptations to give into sin. Yet, it seems he is the most affected within this journey, by his wife of 3 months—Faith. Faith, as well as the puritan society’s as a whole—is represented as innocence and pure. As the story progresses any reader can conclude that no t one member of the puritan society is untainted fromRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Great Gatsby 1416 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe, born in the year 1809, in Boston, Massachusetts, was also a writer in Dark Romanticism. An orphan at a young age, Poe was going through a tough childhood. He took in gambling in his college years, and enlisted in the army. Struggling through poverty, he managed to win a contest with his short story, and he started devoting his life to writing. He married his young cousin, Virginia, who was 13 years old in the year 1836. Dark Romanticism is a genre branched off of Romanticism, whereas